History 17/03/20 Mandalada: why the Nenets have rebelled against Soviet power
Over the years of formation and strengthening of Soviet power, many peoples of the USSR revolted against the forced collectivization, the surplus, the creation of collective farms. Unhappy were arrested and sent to distant camps. But one of the most active protesters of the peoples of the Soviet Union were exiled to nowhere – Nenets and lived on the edge of the earth.
Mandalada
Protests of the Nenets in the Arctic foothills of the Urals against the actions of the Soviet regime received the name mandalada. In their language this word means “military Assembly”, “gathering in the circle of armed men.”
the Uprising of the Nenets on the Yamal Peninsula and in the Urals broke out several times. North Explorer A. V. Golovnev writes that the elders of the people found it difficult to remember the exact number of confrontations with the Soviet authorities. Different people called two, three and even four uprising. According to some old people, the protests only died down for a while, but never stopped completely.
the reasons for the uprisings
the generally Accepted definition of Mandalay – Nenets uprising against the arrival in the tundra of Soviet power. In fact, the inhabitants of the Arctic reacted to the arbitrariness of the authorities, revisionata in the hungry time of the last supplies. Nenets, as could, tried to save the established order and its economy.
In March 1929 on the Yamal Peninsula was first created in the reindeer farm, where the special cell of the CPSU(b). Soon, the river valleys began to develop agriculture and dairy farming, and fisheries – mining whitefish, nelma, salmon. The Soviet authorities started the liquidation of illiteracy among the indigenous population of the tundra before the revolution knew how to read and write not more than 2% of the Nenets. But the specifics of the nomadic way of life has led to the fact that children of the Nenets to teach was forcibly taken away from their parents, he settled in boarding schools.
In the Arctic tundra it is impossible to survive without reindeer, clothing and footwear fur. All this Rwas equinovarus in the establishment of collective farms. Nenets of Asiko Laplander recalled: “When did the Soviet government, the red army began to walk across the tundra, in the tents. 10-15 people walked with guns. All had to give them a deer. Though poor, though the rich still have to give the reindeer and the sled, if someone does not, then he is white, he was immediately shot at.”
the Nenets were unhappy with the collectivization, the hard decisions of the Soviet authorities, the destruction of a way of life.
the First protests
In 1931, was formed Yamal (Nenets) national Okrug. Instead of existing in the tundra for many decades tribal councils, the authorities began to organize a national. Gradually the people accumulated protests. In 1932-1933 a small group of shamans and kulaks (wealthy herders) tried to influence the mood of the Nenets, speaking out against fur and deer blanks.
11 March 1932 Yamal fist-herder May Soliter owned 3 500 deer, said authorized Khan’s co-op that does not recognize the resolution of the Assembly of the poor about Contracting deer. He explained that the poor have no right to decide the fate of his reindeer: “a lot of Different commissioners, they have not achieved anything, you then will not achieve. I can live without Russian – I have deer, fed will be.”
24 APR May Salanter refused to receive a summons to court over the exploitation of them as workers – laborers. He said to the courier: “the Judges of your and the Soviet authorities do not recognize, I have my own laws.” On repeated request to the agenda Sainter rushed with a knife on the courier, but was quickly disarmed.
the Uprising of 1934
By the spring of 1934 on the Yamal Peninsula gained momentum of the protest movement. At first the uprising was limited to the blockade of the Soviet factories in the Ural and Yamal areas, or sabotage them. Goods (fur and skins), is sent to the factory reset with the sled on the tundra.
the Degree of opposition increased. Participants Mandalay staged in the North of Yamal, the people’s court (and simply violence) over a member of the national Council Tambeyskoye numi Toside and Chairman of the Board Pevici Okotetto. Apostates are stripped naked, beaten, dragged through the snow, and then demanded to join the rebels.
Mandalada lasted until the winter of 1934. The members of Natssoveta under pain of beatings and death has lost its identity, and the protesters demanded the extradition of them to crack heads left on the side of Soviet power. Mandalada block factory in the North of Yamal, ending their relationship with the district authorities dismissed a few Natssoveta. Ransacked crew factory near the river Nadym, killed her Manager and a policeman. Collective herd was mixed with the kulaks.
the demands of the rebels actually reduced to complete withdrawal from the tundra of the Soviet government “to Get the Russian not the factories, return the right to vote the kulaks and shamans, children in school should not become, do not recognize the Soviets and Soviet laws, to obey them will not.”
At the end of December 1934 sent to suppress the protests, the squad OGPU (100 people) dispersed the rebels without bloodshed.
Mandalada 1943
in the Spring of 1943 the points of cooperation on the Yamal stopped to let the Nenets bread. People are rightly indignant, because regularly paid taxes in fish, game, deer. Rolled a wave of protests – Nenets massively left reindeer herding state farms, stealing herds of reindeer in the tundra.
all the camp was thrown cry about mandalada. It was initiated by the Nenets Furnace, Nele and Serotetto. In the foothills of the polar Urals has a camp of protesters, located a hundred kilometers from the factory ravine and surrounded by the guard tents. The rebels were armed with hunting rifles and American rifles “Remington”. The camp began to flock dissatisfied with the Nenets from the surrounding areas. Armed rebels drove a herd of reindeer from the collective farms, seized the carts with the flour.
21 June 1943 from Vorkuta and Arkhangelsk to quell the rebellion sent to the operating units of the NKVD. 23 June, Archangelsky squad surrounded the camp of the protesters. Nenets opened fire and wounded the commander of the NKVD. Mass firefight lasted several hours, both sides were killed and wounded. After a fruitless battle commander of the NKVD Sensulin sent to the rebels Nenets women to pass the requirement about cease-fire under the threat of total destruction. After thinking Nenets threw down their arms and surrendered themselves. 36 people were arrested, three more were caught later.
One of the leaders of Mandalay – Sergei Tion – died in prison before the trial. The second – Vasily Laplander – sentenced to death, which was replaced by 20 years of hard labor, and died in February 1944. Twenty-one people sentenced to 10 years in the camps with confiscation of property, and the rest to terms ranging from 5 to 8 years. Almost all of Mandalay sent by the court to the camp, subsequently went missing.
Provocation for ranks and awards
In October 1943, flashed another uprising Nenets – Tambeyskoye now in the tundra. The protests were triggered by a cynical Medvedev, the chief of regional Department of the NKGB of the Yamal, which was advancing to new ranks and positions. He instructed the Chairman of the kolkhoz herders “Red October” find dissatisfied with the actions of the Soviet government and start a new mandalada.
on 16 November, the detachment of the NKVD opened fire on a camp of Nenets Vang, and Medvedev sent from p. Tambey radiogram in Salekhard: “in a difficult Position. Had a 10-minute firefight. Please send aircraft machine guns. In mandalada 200 people.” Operations group under the command NKGB Garanina flew from Omsk via Vladivostok and captured in the tundra without resistance two herds of deer, frightened to death of the Nenets.
security officers had ordered the participants of Mandalay to be in the camp Satoko-Apteka. It’s more than 150 people, of which 50 were arrested. Seven of the Nenets tried to escape, but was killed under fire of security officers. Others were deported to the Tambey, tried and sent to the camps. Along the way, Garanin “revealed the German spy”, arrested on charges of espionage the chief of the hydrographic party of the nsra again.
the consequences of Mandalay for the Nenets
Events Mandalay Nenets discussed in secret, remembering relatives who vanished after they were taken away by the police. From prisons and camps have returned only a few people, most disappeared without a trace.
Hard, and sometimes tragic, life of the members of the families of the participants Mandalay. The Soviet authorities confiscated the property – warm clothes and fur deer, locked behind bars breadwinners. Helpless children and helpless wife is left in the tundra to certain death. Relatives of the Nenets moved orphaned people closer to the towns, but not everyone is saved from death caused by hunger or cold.
the Father of Nancy Shoko Lamda was arrested for participating in mandalada 1943. Her mother is the Chairman of the village banished a wife of an enemy nation. Woman asked to fish with other Nenets in the mouth of the Small Obi, but the authorities allowed only to feed sled dogs. The animals attacked her and severely bitten. Little Shoko and her mother for months, starved, wandering in fruitless search of work. The woman died from starvation in the end of 1946, the girl was sent to a boarding school.
the memory of the people living
Many years data on mandalada suppressed by the Soviet authorities. The information came in the open access only after perestroika and the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the period from 1991 to 2010 year published several scientific and ethnographic papers that cover mandalada as an unknown tragedy of the Nenets people. In the oral folklore of the Nenets still hear stories about the events of Mandalay, which turned into myths and legends.
Source:
© Russian Seven
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