Another 03/03/20 How many States appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde
Dimensions of the Golden Horde, struck the imagination of foreigners. In the middle East believed that from East to West through the Horde have to go eight months, and from the North to the South to five months. In the West, the Ulus Jochi included Moldova and the Crimea, in the South came to Khorezm and in the North the Horde was under North-Eastern principalities of Russia. The Horde had two “wings” – the right was to the West of the Volga river; its capital was Sarai-Batu, and the left was worn in the South-East, and its capital was the town of Sygnak, standing on the river Syr-Darya.
the Collapse of this great state began in the second half of the XIV century, the process was aggravated by the invasion of Tamerlane and the ruin of cities. The last Khan of the Golden Horde – Kichi Muhammad died in 1459, after which Russia breathed a sigh of relief. But who replaced the Golden Horde, which Nations lived in its vast territory? Who rules?
Great Horde
the Official science, the successor to the Golden Horde holds Most of the Horde, which had the same capital, Sarai-Batu, but was essentially only a pitiful remnant of the Golden Horde cowering before the magnitude of an independent Principality. After the death of Kichi-Mohammad a Large Horde led by his ardent enemy, Ahmad Khan, who in 1480 made a desperate attempt to return the Horde to its former greatness and to force the Tsar of all Russia Ivan III to pay tribute to him, but the attempt failed. A year later Khan was killed during an attack at its headquarters the enemy’s cavalry, among which were the soldiers of another successor of the Golden Horde, the Siberian khanate.
Siberian khanate
It is the Turkish state was founded about 1568 in Western Siberia and lasted 130 years, have not yet obeyed the Russian. It was worn from the Perm lands to the mouth of the Ob river to the North, bordered on the East with the Piebald Horde (tribes of the Selkups and kets) and to the South was combined with the Nogai and Teleuts.
State device multinational khanate wore a semi-military character. Khan chose the tip of the nobility – Murza, Becky and Tarkhany. Becky manage their own lands, but were required to participate in wars, highlighting the Han soldiers and horses. Non-Turkic population: the Ostyaks, Samoyeds and Mansi, was in complete control.
the Most famous of the Siberian khans was Khan Kuchum, who subdued not only the Khanty and Mansi, but even the Baraba steppe and some Bashkir tribes, forcing all to pay tribute.
the Pride of the state was the army, numbering 10,000 warriors, which had its own artillery. When you consider that in those days the army was typically one fifth of the total population, we can assume that the population of the khanate was small – about 50-60, 000 people.
Kazan khanate
Another successor of the Horde of Kazan became a Kingdom, who is considered the founder of Khan Ulu-Muhammed – enemy of the Golden Horde Khan Kichi-Muhammad. After a collision with Kichi, he migrated to the Volga, drove the local Khan, and capturing Kazan, built next to the new capital.
the Blossoming of the khanate came in the second half of the XV century it reached a size of 700 000 square kilometres, and its territory was populated by Tatars, votyaks, Chuvash, Cheremis, Bashkirs, Russian and Mordva.
In 1552 the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible and annexed to the Russian Kingdom.
Kazakh khanate
the Fourth successor of the Golden Horde became the Kazakh khanate formed in the lands of the Horde and (partially) of the Uzbek khanate. It survived the turbulent history of falls and revivals, civil war, disintegration into separate Zhuzes and a new Association in the khanate and existed until the mid-nineteenth century until became part of the Turkestan Governor-generalship of the Russian Empire.
it is believed that the highest peak reached khanate under Kasym Khan, conducting diplomatic relations with Russia and the Crimea, however, the basic interests of the khanate was sent to the neighboring Central Asian States.
Astrakhan khanate
This khanate was the smallest fragment of the Golden Horde and was in the mouth of the Volga; its inhabitants were Tatars and Nogais.
Khanate ceased to exist on 29 июня1554 year, when his army was defeated by the Russian army, which was headed by the Prince Pronsky sent to approve the rule of the Russian Empire to all reaches of the Volga. However, it had not played a big role, while remaining a buffer between the Crimean khanate and the Nogai Horde, the most powerful successor of the ulus of Jochi.
Nogai Horde
the Nogai Horde was not only the biggest state left after the Horde, but the Russian delivered a lot of trouble. According to the historian Vadim Winterova Trepavlov in the book “Orda unauthorized”, headed by the mangits-the Muslims – immigrants from Mongolia. At the origins of the Horde was Khan Edigei, who defeated the Lithuanian ruler Vytautas and forced Basil I to resume the payment of tribute to the Tatars. The population of the Horde reached 1 000 000 people, and the army numbered 200,000 warriors.
By the seventeenth century, the Horde disintegrated into several smaller khanates, and the Nogais settled in the North Caucasus and the black sea, and some joined the Crimean khanate and even to the Ottoman Empire.
Crimean khanate
This khanate lasted longer than the others and became part of Russia only in 1783. It happened due to the patronage of the Ottoman Empire. For a long time it was through the Crimean khanate was a brisk trade in Slavic slaves, which he sold to the East. Despite the small territory, by the end of the existence of the state on its territory was home to about 3 000 000 people.
Kasimov khanate
Historians have not come to consensus on Qasim khanate: some consider it a “splinter” of the Horde, others think that it was an independent Principality that Russian tsars gave to the Tatar princes, came to Russian service. The founder of the khanate believe Ulug-Mohammed Qasim; the center of the khanate was the city of Kasimov and on its territory there lived Kasimov Tatars, Mordvinians, and Tatars-Mishars.
a Muslim state headed by Khan with Karachay (helpers), and nobility was Becky or nobleman. The population consisted of merchants, artisans and peasants. Even in the XVI century in Kasimov worked slave market, which was sold to people of different nationalities.
Maya Novik
Source:
© Russian Seven
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